Dallas Divorce Law Blog by Michelle O'Neil

I am often asked whether court’s still presume that custody of a child should go to the mother as opposed to the father. The short answer is no. Courts are not permitted to consider the gender of the parent (or the child) in making decisions regarding custody. Generally the best interests of the child are the primary considerations the court assesses in determining custody issues. The best interests of the child are frequently referred to as the Holley factors because of the case they were set forth in.

Historically, gender played a role in assessing parental fitness. This role led to the development of the “tender years doctrine” which in essence stated a child should not be separated from his or her mother. Early records of the tender years doctrine date back to the mid 1800′s and needless to say there have been dramatic shifts in socio-political viewpoints since that time. The trend towards moving away from the mommy presumption and tender years doctrine gradually made its way in to Texas Case law and eventually was codified in the Texas Family Code. According to Section 153.003 of the Texas Family Code, the court cannot consider the marital status or gender of either parent in making decisions regarding custody.

This shift away from the tender years doctrine coincides with the shift towards parents sharing their rights and duties equally. In fact, there is a possession schedule set forth in the Texas Family Code that applies in most cases (in the absence of a showing why it should not) which effectively gives parents equal rights, duties and almost possession periods of their children.

Despite the shift away from the mommy presumption, there are some judges who retain an “old school” mentality and still believe that the child should remain with his or her mother. This is where hiring an experienced divorce attorney is critical, because if your case happens to land in a conservative judge’s court, then your attorney will have to clear the mommy presumption hurdle.

A recent national survey of divorce lawyers notes an increase in the number of mothers paying child support.  According to the survey, 55% of attorneys said they have noticed a shift during the past five years in which more mothers are required to pay child support. 

This mimicks the trend that Dallas divorce lawyers are also seeing locally.  Many years ago, the Texas Family Code eliminated the gender bias from the language of the law, equalizing the rights of mothers and fathers.  Over the years since, the Texas Legislature has continued to support an increase in fathers rights overall.  We could have a spirited discussion on why this is… is it because many of the Legislators are fathers that have been involved in custody situations?  or is it because many of the Legislators are male?  Regardless, there has been a definite trend toward equalizing male and female roles related to children of divorce.  This, likewise, means that when a mother is not the primary parent, she will be required to pay child support.  In years past, when a mother did not have custody of the children, most often she was not made to pay support, presuming that the father made sufficient income to support the children financially without assistance from the mother.  But, some women more than or equal to their husbands (baby’s father) and therefore are required under the law to take equal or greater financial responsibility for the children.

Texas has standardized guidelines for the payment of child support based on the income of the paying parent… For example, 20% of the net income of the parent if there’s one child, 25% for two children, etc.  The formula becomes more complex if there are children from multiple relationships, where the parent paying the child support is given a credit for support paid to the children from the other relationship.

Regardless, there has been a trend recently in Dallas area divorces where mothers are being required to pay child support.  This isn’t necessarily because of some inherent unfairness in the legal system, but more because of a trend toward equalizing treatment of each parent regardless of gender.

The Wall Street Journal reports that more men are receiving alimony, up to 3.6% over the 5-year period ending in 2006, compared to 2.4% in the previous 5-year period.  Even in the Dallas, Texas area divorces, more men are sacrificing their career opportunities in favor of their wife’s.   Wives make more money than husbands in 33% of all marriages (including those where the husband may  not work.)

Alimony is the money that a higher-earning spouse gives to a lower-earning spouse following the end of the marriage.  Texas has a very limited court-ordered alimony statute, only providing alimony (aka maintenance in Texas) where the parties have been married for 10 or more years, plus the spouses lack property in the divorce to provide for the other spouse’sreasonalbe needs, plus either the spouse lacks the ability to earn wages to meet minimum needs or the spouse or a child have a disability that makes working outside the home difficult.  However, alimony can be provided for by agreement even when the situation lies outsides of the exact parameters of the legal statute.

Men are receiving alimony today for the classic reasons that women traditionally did.  A common argument is that they sacrificed their careers for the sake of their wives or children.

Some spouses find it distasteful to write a check each month to their former spouse.  So, the increasingly common practice is to trade alimony for a fatter slice of the marrital property pie.